УДК: 681.7.069.223, 621.791.72, 903.32

Laser cleaning of copper in air and nitrogen atmospheres

Grigorieva, I.A., Parfenov, V.A., Prokuratov, D.S., Shakhmin, A.L.

Publication in Journal of Optical Technology

For Russian citation (Opticheskii Zhurnal):

Григорьева И.А., Парфенов В.А., Прокуратов Д.С., Шахмин А.Л. Лазерная очистка меди в воздушной и азотной средах // Оптический журнал. 2017. Т. 84. № 1. С. 3–8.

Grigorieva I.A., Parfenov V.A., Prokuratov D.S., Shakhmin A.L. Laser cleaning of copper in air and nitrogen atmospheres [in Russian] // Opticheskii Zhurnal. 2017. V. 84. № 1. P. 3–8.

For citation (Journal of Optical Technology):

I. A. Grigor’eva, V. A. Parfenov, D. S. Prokuratov, and A. L. Shakhmin, "Laser cleaning of copper in air and nitrogen atmospheres," Journal of Optical Technology. 84(1), 1-4 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1364/JOT.84.000001

Abstract:

We examine the physical and chemical processes occurring on the surfaces of copper and copper-alloy objects that are laser-cleaned using a Smart Clean 2 (El. En., Italy) pulsed YAG:Nd laser and a commercial MiniMarker2 M20 ytterbium pulsed fiber-optic laser, both with emission wavelengths of 1064 nm. We show that discoloration of the copper surface can be mitigated by performing the laser treatment in a nitrogen atmosphere.

Keywords:

laser cleaning, historical and cultural monuments, conservation, X-ray fluorescence analysis, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Acknowledgements:

The authors thank M. D. Gerashchenko for assistance in performing the experiments, V. I. Kobyakova for formulating the research problem, and A. S. Saı˘ko, A. I. Kosolapov, and S. V. Khavrin for discussion of the results.

OCIS codes: 350.3390

References:

1. S. Georgiou, C. Fotakis, D. Anglos, V. Zafiropulos, and T. V. Williston, in Lasers in the Preservation of Cultural Heritage: Principles and Applications (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2007), pp. 1–19.
2. G. Calcagno, E. Pummer, and M. Koller, “St. Stephen’s Church in Vienna: criteria for Nd:YAG laser cleaning on an architectural scale,” J. Cultural Heritage 1, S111–S117 (2000).
3. C. Weeks, “The ‘Portail de la Mère Dieu’ of Amiens Cathedral: its polychromy and conservation,” Stud. Conserv. 43, 101–108 (1998).
4. R. Pini, S. Siano, R. Salimbeni, V. Piazza, M. Giamello, G. Sabatini, and F. Bevilacqua, “Application of a new laser cleaning procedure to the mausoleum of Theodoric,” J. Cultural Heritage 1, S93–S97 (2000).
5. P. Bromblet, M. Labouré, and G. Orial, “Diversity of the cleaning procedures including laser for the restoration of carved portals in France over the last 10 years,” J. Cultural Heritage 4, 17–26 (2003).
6. S. Siano, A. Casciani, A. Giusti, M. Matteini, R. Pini, S. Porcinai, and R. Salimbeni, “The Santi Quattro Coronati by Nanni di Banco: cleaning of the gilded decorations,” J. Cultural Heritage 4, 123–128 (2003).
7. S. Siano and R. Salimbeni, “The Gate of Paradise: physical optimization of the laser cleaning approach,” Stud. Conserv. 46, 269–281 (2001).
8. S. Siano, F. Grazzi, and V. A. Parfenov, “Laser cleaning of gilded bronze surfaces,” J. Opt. Technol. 75(7), 419–427 (2008) [Opt. Zh. 75(7), 18–29 (2008)].
9. C. Korenberg and A. Baldwin, “Laser cleaning tests on archaeological copper alloys using an Nd:YAG laser,” Laser Chem. 2006, 1–7 (2006).
10. C. A. Cottam and D. C. Emmony, “TEA-CO 2 laser surface processing of corroded metals,” Corros. Sci. 41, 1529–1538 (1999).
11. M. Froidevaux, P. Platt, M. Cooper, and K. Watkins, “Laser interactions with copper, copper alloys and their corrosion products used in outdoor sculpture in the United Kingdom,” in Lasers in the Conservation of Artworks: Proceedings of the International Conference LACONA VII, Madrid, Spain, 17–21 September 2007, M. Castillejo, ed. (CRC Press/Balkema, Boca Raton, FL, 2008), pp. 277–284.
12. C. Korenberg, A. M. Baldwin, and P. Pouli, “Investigating the laser cleaning of archaeological copper alloys using different laser systems,” in Lasers in the Conservation of Artworks: Proceedings of the International Conference LACONA VII, Madrid, Spain, 17–21 September 2007, M. Castillejo, ed., (CRC Press/Balkema, Boca Raton, FL, 2008), pp. 285–290.
13. A. Kearns, C. Fischer, K. G. Watkins, M. Glasmacher, H. Kheyrandish, A. Brown, W. M. Steen, and P. Beahan, “Laser removal of oxides from a copper substrate using Q-switched Nd:YAG radiation at 1064 nm, 532 nm and 266 nm,” Appl. Surf. Sci. 127, 773–780 (1998).
14. A. Kearns, C. Fischer, K. G. Watkins, M. Glasmacher, W. M. Steen, H. Kheyrandish, and A. Brown, “Removal of copper oxide from copper surfaces using Q-switched Nd:YAG radiation at 1064 nm, 532 nm and 266 nm,” Proc. SPIE 3097, 358–368 (1997).
15. R. A. Lidin, L. L. Andreyeva, and V. A. Molochko, Reactivity of Inorganic Substances: Handbook (Begell House, New York, 1996; Drofa, Moscow, 2007), p. 149.
16. I. N. Odin, “Copper sulfides,” in Chemical Encyclopedia (Bolshaya Rosiı˘skaya Entsiklopediya, Moscow, 1992), Vol. 3, p. 5. 17. A. V. Vanyukov, “Copper sulfides,” in Small Chemical Encyclopedia (Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya, Moscow, 1964), Vol. 3, p. 74.
18. P. M. Chukurov, “Copper carbonates,” in Chemical Encyclopedia (Bolshaya Rosiı˘skaya Entsiklopediya, Moscow, 1992), Vol. 2, p. 669.
19. NIST X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Database, http://srdata.nist.gov/xps/.
20. D. Briggs and M. P. Seah, eds., Practical Surface Analysis by Auger and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (Wiley, Chichester, 1983; Mir, Moscow, 1987), pp. 18–20.
21. M. Bouchard and D. C. Smith, “Catalogue of 45 reference Raman spectra of minerals concerning research in art history or archaeology, especially on corroded metals and coloured glass,” Spectrochim. Acta, Part A 59(10), 2247–2266 (2003).
22. W. Martens, R. L. Frost, J. T. Kloprogge, and P. A. Williams, “Raman spectroscopic study of the basic copper sulphates—implications for copper corrosion and ‘bronze disease’,” J. Raman Spectrosc. 34(2), 145–151 (2003).
23. B. Gilbert, S. Denoel, G. Weber, and D. Allart, “Analysis of green copper pigments in illuminated manuscripts by micro-Raman spectroscopy,” Analyst 128(10), 1213–1217 (2003).
24. V. Hayez, "Use of Micro-Raman Spectroscopy for the Study of the Atmospheric Corrosion of Copper Alloys of Cultural Heritage," Ph.D. thesis (Vrije Universität, Brussels, Faculteit Ingenieurswetenschappen, Departement Metallurgie, Elektrochemie & Materialenkennis, 2006), pp. 102–116.
25. Database of Raman Spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffraction and Chemistry of Minerals, http://rruff.info.
26. M. K. Nikitin and E. P. Mel’nikova, Chemistry in Restoration (Khimiya, Leningrad, 1990; Czech version: Masarykova Univerzita, Brno, 2003), pp. 153–154.